What Can Cats Eat: A Complete Guide to Safe Foods for Your Feline Friend

This comprehensive guide delves into the world of feline nutrition, providing a definitive answer to the question: What can cats eat? We'll explore the essential dietary needs of cats, highlighting the foods that are safe and beneficial, while also pinpointing those that can be harmful or even deadly. We'll cover everything from the basics of a cat's diet to a detailed list of safe and unsafe foods, and even address common questions about feeding your feline companion.

Part 1: Understanding Your Cat's Dietary Needs

1.1 The Carnivore's Diet:

1. Cats are obligate carnivores, meaning their bodies are designed to thrive on a diet primarily consisting of animal-based protein. Their digestive systems are adapted to break down meat and extract essential nutrients.
2. This diet provides the essential amino acids, fatty acids, and other nutrients that cats cannot produce on their own.
3. Unlike humans and omnivores, cats cannot synthesise certain nutrients like taurine and arachidonic acid, which are crucial for their well-being. These essential components are found naturally in meat and fish.

1.2 Essential Nutrients for Cats:

1. Protein: For muscle growth, tissue repair, and overall health. Cats require a higher percentage of protein in their diet than humans. High-quality protein sources include chicken, turkey, beef, and fish.
2. Fat: For energy, insulation, and healthy skin and coat. Essential fatty acids like linoleic acid and arachidonic acid, found in animal fats, are crucial for healthy skin, coat, and brain function.
3. Taurine: An amino acid crucial for heart function, vision, and reproduction. Taurine deficiency can lead to heart problems, blindness, and reproductive issues.
4. Arachidonic Acid: A fatty acid essential for healthy skin and coat. Arachidonic acid deficiency can result in dry, flaky skin and a dull coat.
5. Vitamin A: Important for vision, growth, and immune function. Found in animal products like liver and dairy.
6. Vitamin D: Necessary for calcium absorption and bone health. Cats can synthesize vitamin D from sunlight exposure, but it is also found in certain foods.
7. Vitamin E: An antioxidant that protects cells from damage. Found in vegetable oils and some meat products.
8. Thiamine (Vitamin B1): Plays a role in energy metabolism and nerve function. Deficiency can lead to neurological problems.
9. Niacin (Vitamin B3): Crucial for energy production and DNA repair. Found in meat, poultry, and fish.
10. Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5): Involved in energy metabolism and hormone production. Found in meat, poultry, and fish.
11. Pyridoxine (Vitamin B6): Essential for protein metabolism and red blood cell production. Found in meat, poultry, and fish.
12. Biotin (Vitamin B7): Promotes healthy skin, coat, and nails. Found in liver, egg yolks, and some vegetables.
13. Folate (Vitamin B9): Vital for cell growth and DNA synthesis. Found in liver, green leafy vegetables, and some fortified foods.
14. Cobalamin (Vitamin B12): Essential for red blood cell production and nerve function. Only found in animal products.
15. Calcium: For strong bones and teeth. Found in dairy products, bone meal, and some plant sources.
16. Phosphorus: Essential for bone health and energy metabolism. Found in meat, poultry, and fish.
17. Magnesium: Involved in muscle function, nerve transmission, and bone health. Found in meat, poultry, and fish.
18. Potassium: Necessary for fluid balance and nerve function. Found in meat, poultry, and fish.
19. Sodium: Plays a role in fluid balance and nerve transmission. Found in meat, poultry, and fish.
20. Iodine: Essential for thyroid hormone production. Found in fish, dairy products, and some fortified foods.
21. Iron: Important for red blood cell production and oxygen transport. Found in meat, poultry, and fish.
22. Zinc: Plays a role in immune function, wound healing, and taste perception. Found in meat, poultry, and fish.
23. Copper: Involved in red blood cell production and connective tissue formation. Found in meat, poultry, and liver.

Part 2: The Benefits of a Balanced Diet

2.1 Optimal Health and Well-being:

1. A balanced diet provides the necessary nutrients to support a cat's overall health and well-being, leading to a glossy coat, bright eyes, and a playful disposition.
2. This includes strong bones, a healthy coat, a robust immune system, and optimal energy levels.
3. Proper nutrition is essential for maintaining a cat's normal growth and development, especially in kittens.

2.2 Preventing Health Issues:

1. A well-nourished cat is less susceptible to various health issues, including obesity, diabetes, urinary tract problems, and skin conditions.
2. Proper nutrition can help maintain healthy organ function and overall longevity.
3. For example, a diet deficient in taurine can lead to heart problems and vision loss, while a diet high in magnesium can contribute to urinary tract stones.

2.3 Enhancing Life Expectancy:

1. A balanced diet can contribute to a longer and healthier life for your feline companion.
2. Proper nutrition supports a cat's ability to fight off diseases and maintain optimal physical function.
3. By providing the necessary nutrients, a balanced diet can help your cat live a longer and more fulfilling life.

Part 3: Cat Food Options: A Guide to Choosing the Right Food

3.1 Commercial Cat Food:

1. Dry Food: Convenient, affordable, and often comes in a variety of flavours and formulas. Dry food is lower in moisture, which can contribute to dehydration if not paired with sufficient water intake.
2. Wet Food: Higher in moisture, can be more appealing to some cats, and often contains more protein. Wet food is a good choice for cats who struggle to drink enough water. It can also be more appealing to finicky eaters.
3. Raw Food: Can be highly beneficial for some cats, but requires careful preparation and sourcing of ingredients. Raw food diets offer a more natural and biologically appropriate approach to feeding cats. However, it is essential to ensure the food is properly handled to prevent bacterial contamination.
4. Homemade Food: Requires careful planning and consultation with a veterinarian to ensure nutritional balance. This option allows for greater control over ingredients and can be beneficial for cats with specific dietary needs. However, it requires a good understanding of feline nutrition to ensure the meal plan is complete and balanced.

3.2 Selecting the Right Cat Food:

1. Age: Kittens, adults, and senior cats have different nutritional requirements. Kittens need more calories and protein to support their growth, while senior cats require food tailored to their age-related needs, such as lower calorie content and joint support ingredients.
2. Lifestyle: Indoor cats have different energy needs than outdoor cats. Indoor cats may require less calories as they are less active. Outdoor cats, on the other hand, may need higher-calorie food to meet their energy expenditure.
3. Health Concerns: Certain food formulas are designed for cats with specific health issues. For example, there are formulas for weight management, urinary tract health, kidney disease, and allergies.
4. Ingredients: Look for high-quality protein sources, balanced nutrients, and minimal fillers. A good cat food will have meat or poultry listed as the first ingredient. Avoid foods with a high percentage of grains and artificial ingredients.
5. AAFCO Statement: Ensure the food meets the Association of American Feed Control Officials (AAFCO) standards for complete and balanced nutrition. Look for the AAFCO statement on the food label. This indicates that the food has been tested and meets the nutritional requirements for cats.

Part 4: Safe Foods for Cats

4.1 Meat and Poultry:

1. Chicken: A popular and easily digestible protein source. Chicken is a great source of protein, taurine, and other essential nutrients.
2. Turkey: Lean and rich in protein, but some cats may have allergies. Turkey is a good alternative to chicken, especially for cats with chicken allergies.
3. Beef: A good source of protein and iron, but can be fatty. Beef is a good source of protein and iron, but it's important to choose lean cuts to avoid excessive fat intake.
4. Lamb: A good source of protein and iron, but can be more expensive. Lamb is a good option for cats with allergies to chicken and turkey.
5. Fish: A great source of protein and omega-3 fatty acids, but some fish can be toxic (see Part 5). Fish is a good source of protein, omega-3 fatty acids, and taurine. Choose oily fish like salmon, mackerel, and sardines for the highest concentration of omega-3s.

4.2 Eggs:

1. Cooked Eggs: A good source of protein, but should be cooked thoroughly to avoid salmonella. Cooked eggs are a safe and nutritious treat for cats.
2. Raw Eggs: Can be a source of salmonella and biotin deficiency, so should be avoided. Raw eggs can contain harmful bacteria, and they can also interfere with the absorption of biotin, an essential nutrient for cats.

4.3 Dairy:

1. Milk: While kittens benefit from milk, adult cats are often lactose intolerant, so milk can cause digestive problems. Adult cats lack the enzyme lactase, which is necessary to digest lactose. This can lead to diarrhoea, gas, and bloating.
2. Yoghurt: Plain, unsweetened yoghurt can be a good source of probiotics, but should be given in moderation. Probiotics can help improve gut health. However, choose plain, unsweetened yoghurt as flavoured varieties contain added sugar, which is not good for cats.
3. Cheese: Small amounts of cheese are usually safe, but can be high in fat. Cheese can be a tasty treat for cats, but it should be given in moderation due to its high fat content. Choose low-fat cheeses or small portions of full-fat varieties.

4.4 Vegetables:

1. Cooked Vegetables: Some vegetables can be beneficial in moderation, including carrots, green beans, broccoli, and spinach. Cooked vegetables can be a source of vitamins, minerals, and fibre for cats. However, they should not be a primary food source.
2. Raw Vegetables: Can be difficult for cats to digest and may contain harmful bacteria. Raw vegetables are not easily digestible by cats and may contain bacteria that can cause digestive problems.

4.5 Fruits:

1. Fruits: Cats can enjoy small amounts of fruit, such as blueberries, strawberries, and bananas, but these should be given as treats, not a staple part of their diet. Fruits can be a source of antioxidants and fibre for cats, but they are not essential for their diet.

4.6 Treats:

1. Commercial Cat Treats: Many commercial cat treats are formulated to provide additional nutrients or offer a taste treat. Choose treats that are low in calories, sugar, and artificial ingredients.
2. Homemade Cat Treats: You can make homemade treats using safe ingredients, but ensure they are balanced and appropriate for your cat's dietary needs. Consult with your veterinarian for recipes and guidelines on preparing homemade treats.

Part 5: Foods to Avoid

5.1 Toxic Foods:

1. Chocolate: Contains theobromine, which is toxic to cats. Theobromine can cause vomiting, diarrhoea, hyperactivity, increased thirst, and even death in cats.
2. Onions and Garlic: Can cause digestive upset and damage red blood cells. Onions and garlic contain compounds that are toxic to cats and can damage red blood cells. This can lead to anaemia, a condition where the blood does not carry enough oxygen.
3. Grapes and Raisins: Can cause kidney failure. Grapes and raisins are toxic to cats and can cause kidney failure. The exact mechanism of toxicity is unknown, but even small amounts can be fatal.
4. Macadamia Nuts: Can cause muscle weakness, tremors, and vomiting. Macadamia nuts contain a substance that is toxic to cats, causing muscle weakness, tremors, and vomiting. The symptoms usually appear within 12 hours of ingestion and can last for several days.
5. Alcohol: Highly toxic to cats. Alcohol is highly toxic to cats and can cause vomiting, diarrhoea, depression, coma, and death.
6. Caffeine: Can cause hyperactivity, restlessness, and vomiting. Caffeine is toxic to cats and can cause hyperactivity, restlessness, increased urination, and vomiting.
7. Xylitol: An artificial sweetener found in some foods and gums that can be fatal to cats. Xylitol is extremely toxic to cats and can cause liver failure and death. Even small amounts can be fatal.
8. Raw Fish: Can contain parasites and bacteria harmful to cats. Raw fish can contain parasites and bacteria that can cause illness in cats. It is always best to cook fish thoroughly before feeding it to your cat.
9. Bones: Can splinter and cause internal injuries. Bones can splinter and cause internal injuries, such as punctures in the digestive tract.
10. Liver: In excess, can lead to vitamin A toxicity. Liver is a good source of vitamin A, but excessive intake can lead to vitamin A toxicity. Symptoms of vitamin A toxicity include bone growth abnormalities, lethargy, and loss of appetite.
11. Salt: Excessive salt intake can lead to dehydration and other health issues. Excessive salt intake can lead to dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, and even kidney failure.

5.2 Foods That Can Cause Digestive Problems:

1. Spicy Foods: Can irritate your cat's stomach. Spicy foods can irritate your cat's stomach lining, causing vomiting, diarrhoea, and gas.
2. Fatty Foods: Can lead to pancreatitis and obesity. Fatty foods are difficult for cats to digest and can lead to pancreatitis, an inflammation of the pancreas. They can also contribute to obesity.
3. Sugary Foods: Can contribute to dental problems and obesity. Sugary foods are not good for cats and can contribute to dental problems, such as tooth decay and gum disease. They can also lead to obesity.

5.3 Foods to Give in Moderation:

1. Fish: While some fish are good for cats, others are toxic, and even safe fish should be given in moderation. Fish can be a good source of protein and omega-3 fatty acids, but some types, such as tuna and swordfish, contain high levels of mercury, which can be toxic to cats.
2. Eggs: Cooked eggs are safe, but should be given in moderation due to their high cholesterol content. Eggs are a good source of protein, but they are also high in cholesterol. Feed them in moderation to avoid potential health problems.
3. Dairy: Small amounts of plain, unsweetened yoghurt can be beneficial, but dairy should be avoided for cats with lactose intolerance. Yoghurt can be a good source of probiotics, but it should be given in moderation and only to cats who do not have lactose intolerance.
4. Vegetables and Fruits: These can be given in moderation as treats, but should not make up a significant portion of a cat's diet. Vegetables and fruits can be a source of vitamins, minerals, and fibre, but they are not essential for cats and should be given in moderation.

Part 6: Feeding Your Cat

6.1 Feeding Schedule:

1. Kittens: Need to eat frequently, up to 4-6 times per day. Kittens are growing rapidly and require frequent meals to meet their high energy needs.
2. Adult Cats: Can be fed once or twice a day. Adult cats can typically be fed once or twice a day, depending on their activity level and food type.
3. Senior Cats: May benefit from more frequent, smaller meals. Senior cats may have slower metabolisms and may benefit from smaller, more frequent meals to prevent digestive problems.

6.2 Amount to Feed:

1. Age: Kittens need more food than adult cats. Kittens have higher calorie requirements due to their rapid growth and development.
2. Activity Level: Active cats need more food than sedentary cats. Active cats burn more calories and require more food to meet their energy needs.
3. Body Condition: Maintain a healthy weight for your cat. Maintaining a healthy weight is essential for your cat's overall health and well-being. Consult with your veterinarian to determine a healthy weight range for your cat and to create a feeding plan.
4. Food Type: Different food types have different calorie densities. Dry food generally has a higher calorie density than wet food.

6.3 Water:

1. Cats should have access to fresh water at all times. Water is essential for hydration and proper organ function.
2. Consider multiple water bowls in different locations. Cats may be more likely to drink if there are multiple water sources available.
3. Encourage water consumption by using a fountain or other stimulating water source. Fountains can stimulate cats' interest in drinking due to the moving water.

6.4 Treats:

1. Treats should be given in moderation. Treats should not make up a significant portion of your cat's diet.
2. Choose healthy treats that are appropriate for your cat's age and health. Consider treats that are low in calories, sugar, and artificial ingredients.
3. Use treats as a positive reinforcement tool for training and bonding. Treats can be a great way to reward your cat for good behaviour and to strengthen your bond.

Part 7: Dietary Changes

7.1 Gradual Transition:

1. When switching foods, introduce the new food gradually over a few days. Sudden changes in diet can upset your cat's digestive system.
2. Mix a small amount of the new food with the old food and gradually increase the proportion of the new food. This allows your cat's digestive system to adjust to the new food.

7.2 Consulting a Veterinarian:

1. Always consult with your veterinarian before making significant changes to your cat's diet. This is especially important for cats with health issues, allergies, or dietary restrictions.
2. Your veterinarian can help you choose the right food for your cat and can advise you on making dietary changes safely.

7.3 Monitoring Your Cat's Health:

1. Pay attention to your cat's appetite, weight, and bowel movements. Changes in these areas can indicate a problem with your cat's diet.
2. If you notice any changes, consult with your veterinarian. Your veterinarian can help you identify the cause of the problem and recommend a course of action.

Part 8: FAQs

8.1 What are the best foods for kittens?

Kittens require a diet high in protein and fat to support their rapid growth and development. Choose a kitten-specific formula that meets their needs, and ensure they have access to fresh water at all times. Look for a food that has animal protein as the first ingredient and a high percentage of protein overall. Kittens may need to eat up to 4-6 times a day, especially during their first few months.

8.2 Can cats eat human food?

Some human foods are safe for cats in moderation, but many can be toxic. It's essential to stick to a cat-specific diet and only offer human foods as occasional treats. Always consult with your veterinarian before giving your cat any human food. Cats need a balanced diet that meets their specific nutritional needs. Many human foods are high in sugar, fat, and salt, which can be harmful to cats.

8.3 What should I do if my cat eats something toxic?

If you suspect your cat has eaten something toxic, contact your veterinarian or the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center immediately. Time is of the essence in treating poisoning, and prompt action can save your cat's life. The ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center can provide you with information on the specific toxic substance and recommend a course of action.

8.4 Can I give my cat raw meat?

Raw meat can be a good source of protein for cats, but it must be handled and prepared carefully to avoid bacterial contamination. Consult with your veterinarian before feeding your cat raw meat. If you choose to feed your cat raw meat, ensure the meat is fresh and properly handled. Freezing meat for several days can help kill harmful bacteria. You should also make sure the meat is finely minced to reduce the risk of choking.

8.5 How can I tell if my cat is overweight?

You should be able to feel your cat's ribs easily without having to press hard. If you can't feel their ribs or their abdomen is significantly rounded, they may be overweight. Consult with your veterinarian to determine a healthy weight for your cat. A veterinarian can help you develop a weight loss plan for your cat that includes diet and exercise.

8.6 How often should I feed my cat?

The frequency of feeding depends on your cat's age, activity level, and health. Kittens require more frequent meals, while adult cats can be fed once or twice a day. Senior cats may need to be fed more frequently, especially if they have a slow metabolism or digestive problems.

8.7 What are the signs of a food allergy in cats?

Signs of a food allergy in cats can include itching, hair loss, vomiting, diarrhoea, and gas. If you suspect your cat has a food allergy, consult with your veterinarian for diagnosis and treatment. A veterinarian can perform tests to identify the specific food allergen and recommend a hypoallergenic diet.