Catnip: What Does It Do to Cats?

This article delves into the fascinating world of catnip, exploring its effects on felines, its origins, and its uses. From understanding the chemical reactions that trigger feline responses to uncovering the history of this captivating herb, we'll provide a comprehensive overview of this intriguing topic. We'll also discuss the benefits and risks of catnip, address common misconceptions, and answer frequently asked questions.

Part 1: The Science Behind Catnip's Effects

1.1: The Chemical Catalyst: Nepetalactone

1. Catnip's psychoactive properties stem from a chemical compound called nepetalactone, an essential oil found in the plant's leaves and stems. Nepetalactone is a terpene, a type of organic compound commonly found in plants. It's what gives catnip its characteristic minty aroma.
2. Nepetalactone interacts with receptors in the cat's olfactory system, specifically the vomeronasal organ (VNO) located in the roof of the mouth. The VNO is also known as Jacobson's organ, and it plays a crucial role in detecting pheromones and other chemical signals.
3. The VNO detects pheromones and other chemical signals, triggering a range of behaviours in cats. This is often described as the "flehmen response," where a cat will curl its upper lip and expose its incisor teeth, allowing air to travel from the mouth to the VNO.

1.2: The Catnip Response: A Sensory Rollercoaster

1. Upon encountering catnip, cats exhibit a variety of responses, often described as a "catnip high". This reaction is not a true high in the sense of an addictive drug, but rather a temporary sensory overload that stimulates a range of behaviours.
2. These reactions include:

   1. Rubbing, rolling, and licking the plant: Cats often exhibit a strong urge to rub their bodies against catnip, roll around in it, and lick the leaves. This behaviour is thought to be driven by the stimulating effects of nepetalactone on their senses.
   2. Vocalisation, such as purring and meowing: Cats may become more vocal when exposed to catnip, purring loudly or meowing more frequently. This is likely a combination of increased playfulness and the cat's attempts to communicate their enjoyment.
   3. Increased playfulness and energy levels: Many cats become significantly more energetic and playful after encountering catnip. They may jump higher, run faster, and engage in more active play. This is likely due to the stimulating effect of nepetalactone on their nervous system.
   4. A dazed or euphoric appearance: Some cats may appear dazed or euphoric after being exposed to catnip. They may stare blankly, stumble around, or have a "loopy" look. This is a temporary effect and is usually harmless.
   5. Brief periods of aggression or hyperactivity: While catnip typically promotes a playful and relaxed state, some cats may become briefly aggressive or hyperactive. This is usually temporary and harmless, but it's important to monitor your cat's behaviour and remove them from the catnip if necessary.

1.3: The Genetics of Catnip Sensitivity

1. Not all cats respond to catnip; sensitivity is influenced by genetics. The gene responsible for catnip sensitivity is linked to the X chromosome, meaning male cats are more likely to be affected.
2. Approximately two-thirds of cats are susceptible to nepetalactone's effects. However, the intensity and duration of the response vary between individual cats. Some cats may have a strong and immediate reaction, while others might experience a milder or more delayed response.
3. Kittens under six weeks old typically don't react to catnip, as their VNO is not fully developed. The VNO, like other sensory organs, matures over time, and kittens only become sensitive to catnip after they reach a certain age.
4. The gene responsible for catnip sensitivity is linked to the X chromosome, meaning male cats are more likely to be affected. This is because female cats have two X chromosomes, so they have a chance of inheriting a "non-sensitive" gene on one of their X chromosomes. However, male cats only have one X chromosome, so if they inherit the "sensitive" gene, they will respond to catnip.

1.4: The Sensory Overload: How Catnip Affects the Nervous System

1. Nepetalactone binds to receptors in the VNO, triggering a signal to the brain. This signal creates a sensory overload that leads to the characteristic "catnip high" behaviour.
2. The exact mechanisms by which nepetalactone affects the brain are still being investigated. However, scientists believe it may act on areas of the brain responsible for emotion, motivation, and sensory processing.
3. The sensory overload caused by catnip is temporary, and cats usually return to their normal behaviour within 10-15 minutes. However, the effects of catnip can last longer in some cats, especially if they have been exposed to a large amount.

1.5: The Tolerance Effect: Why the High Fades

1. While catnip is not addictive, cats can develop a temporary tolerance to its effects. This means that after repeated exposure to catnip, a cat may react less strongly or not react at all for a period of time.
2. The tolerance effect is believed to be caused by the desensitization of the VNO receptors to nepetalactone. This is a natural response to repeated exposure to a substance, and it helps to prevent the body from becoming overwhelmed by its effects.
3. The tolerance effect typically wears off after a few hours or days, allowing the cat to regain sensitivity to catnip.

Part 2: The Origins and History of Catnip

2.1: From the Wild to the Garden: A Journey Through Time

1. Catnip (Nepeta cataria) is a member of the mint family, native to Europe and Asia. It is a perennial herb, which means it lives for more than two years and can grow to be about 2-3 feet tall.
2. It has been cultivated for centuries, used for medicinal purposes, as a culinary herb, and for its effect on cats. Catnip was used in traditional medicine to treat a variety of ailments, including fever, headaches, and digestive problems.
3. The name "catnip" originates from the plant's ability to intoxicate cats. The word "nip" is believed to be derived from the Old English word "nippen," which means "to pinch or bite," reflecting the cat's tendency to grab and bite the plant.

2.2: A History of Catnip in Human Culture

1. In ancient Egypt, catnip was used to treat various ailments, including headaches and fevers. The Egyptians also believed that catnip had spiritual properties and used it in religious ceremonies.
2. During the Middle Ages, it was believed to repel evil spirits and was commonly used as a folk remedy. Catnip was often placed in homes to ward off witches, ghosts, and other malevolent spirits.
3. Catnip's use in modern times is primarily for its effect on cats, although it remains a popular culinary herb in some cultures. Catnip leaves can be used to flavour teas, soups, and stews, adding a slightly minty and slightly peppery flavour.

Part 3: The Uses and Benefits of Catnip

3.1: Playful Stimulation and Enrichment

1. Catnip provides a safe and natural way to stimulate playfulness in cats. It can be used to encourage exercise and engagement, preventing boredom and destructive behaviours.
2. Catnip toys and infused cat beds are readily available commercially. You can also create your own catnip toys by filling a sock or small cloth bag with dried catnip. These toys can be used for interactive play, encouraging your cat to hunt, chase, and bat at the toy.
3. Using catnip to stimulate play can be particularly beneficial for indoor cats. It can help them to release pent-up energy and stay mentally stimulated, reducing the risk of boredom and destructive behaviours.

3.2: Calming Effects and Stress Relief

1. While catnip is known for its stimulating effects, it can also induce a calming and relaxed state in some cats. This is especially true when catnip is used in moderation and in a calm environment.
2. Used in moderation, catnip can help alleviate anxiety and stress, particularly in situations like vet visits or travel. You can place a small amount of dried catnip in a cat's carrier or bed before a stressful event to help them feel more relaxed.
3. The calming effects of catnip are likely due to the interaction of nepetalactone with receptors in the cat's brain. This may lead to the release of calming neurochemicals that reduce anxiety and stress.

3.3: Health Benefits: A Natural Remedy

1. Catnip contains a range of beneficial compounds, including antioxidants and anti-inflammatory agents. These compounds may contribute to the plant's traditional medicinal uses.
2. It has been traditionally used to aid digestion, reduce nausea, and relieve mild respiratory symptoms. However, it's important to note that these traditional uses are based on anecdotal evidence and have not been scientifically validated.
3. More research is needed to confirm the extent of its health benefits in cats. While catnip may offer some potential health benefits, it should not be used as a substitute for veterinary care. If your cat is experiencing health problems, consult with a veterinarian.

Part 4: The Risks and Considerations of Catnip

4.1: Potential for Overindulgence

1. While catnip is generally safe for cats, excessive consumption can lead to mild side effects such as agitation, vomiting, or diarrhoea. It's crucial to provide catnip in moderation and observe your cat for any adverse reactions.
2. A good rule of thumb is to offer catnip to your cat no more than once or twice a week. This allows their sensitivity to return, preventing them from becoming desensitised.

4.2: Catnip Sensitivity: A Spectrum of Reactions

1. Cats react to catnip differently, and some may experience more intense or prolonged effects than others. Some cats may have a strong and immediate reaction to catnip, while others may experience only a mild or delayed response. It's important to note that a cat's sensitivity to catnip can also change over time, with some cats becoming more sensitive or less sensitive to its effects.
2. It's essential to monitor your cat's behaviour after exposure to catnip and discontinue use if they exhibit any concerning symptoms. If your cat appears excessively agitated, distressed, or is experiencing any unusual side effects, it's best to remove them from the catnip and contact your veterinarian if necessary.

4.3: Avoidance for Some Cats: Individual Differences

1. Not all cats enjoy catnip; some may be indifferent or even averse to its effects. Some cats may have a genetic predisposition to be insensitive to nepetalactone, while others may simply have a strong aversion to the scent or taste of catnip.
2. It's important to introduce catnip gradually and observe your cat's reaction before offering larger amounts. If your cat shows any signs of discomfort or avoidance, it's best to discontinue the use of catnip and look for alternative forms of enrichment.

Part 5: Common Misconceptions about Catnip

5.1: The "Addiction" Myth

1. Catnip does not cause addiction in cats; its effects are temporary and non-habit-forming. While cats may develop a temporary tolerance to catnip, this does not indicate addiction. Addiction is defined as a chronic, relapsing brain disease characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use, despite harmful consequences. Catnip does not meet these criteria.
2. Over time, cats may develop a tolerance to catnip, but this does not equate to addiction. The tolerance effect is a natural response to repeated exposure to a substance, and it does not signify a dependency or craving.

5.2: The "All Cats Love Catnip" Belief

1. As previously mentioned, not all cats are susceptible to catnip's effects, and some may even dislike it. The belief that all cats love catnip is a common misconception. It's important to remember that individual cats have different personalities, preferences, and sensitivities.
2. The belief that all cats love catnip is a common misconception. It's important to remember that individual cats have different personalities, preferences, and sensitivities. Some cats may be indifferent to catnip, while others may even have a strong aversion to its scent.

5.3: The "Catnip Makes Cats Aggressive" Misunderstanding

1. While some cats may become temporarily more playful and energetic, catnip generally does not cause aggression. Any aggression observed is more likely due to individual temperament or other external factors. If your cat becomes aggressive, it's important to remove them from the catnip and consider consulting with a veterinarian or certified animal behavior specialist.
2. The increase in playfulness and energy caused by catnip can sometimes be mistaken for aggression, especially if the cat is already prone to being territorial or possessive. However, the aggression is usually temporary and is often a result of heightened excitement rather than actual malice.

Part 6: FAQs

6.1: How Often Can I Give My Cat Catnip?

1. It is generally recommended to offer catnip to your cat no more than once or twice a week. This allows their sensitivity to return, preventing them from becoming desensitised. If your cat is constantly exposed to catnip, they may develop a tolerance and not react as strongly.
2. If you notice your cat becoming overly agitated or exhibiting any negative side effects, reduce the frequency or discontinue use altogether. Monitor your cat's behaviour after exposure to catnip and adjust the frequency of use accordingly.

6.2: How Do I Store Catnip?

1. Catnip can be stored in an airtight container in a cool, dark place to maintain its potency. This will help to prevent the nepetalactone from evaporating and the catnip from losing its potency.
2. It is best to use fresh catnip, as dried catnip may lose its effectiveness over time. Fresh catnip is generally more potent and will have a stronger effect on cats. However, dried catnip is a convenient option for long-term storage.

6.3: Can I Grow My Own Catnip?

1. Yes, you can easily grow your own catnip. It is a relatively simple plant to cultivate, requiring well-drained soil and plenty of sunlight. Catnip is a hardy plant that can thrive in a variety of climates.
2. Growing your own catnip ensures a fresh and potent source for your feline friend. It's also a great way to provide your cat with a natural and enjoyable form of enrichment.

6.4: Are There Alternatives to Catnip?

1. Yes, several plants have similar effects on cats, including valerian root, silver vine, and Tatarian honeysuckle. These plants contain compounds that are similar to nepetalactone and can trigger a similar response in cats.
2. These alternatives can provide a stimulating and enjoyable experience for your cat, particularly if they are not sensitive to catnip. If your cat doesn't react to catnip, or if you want to try something different, these alternatives are worth exploring.

6.5: Is Catnip Safe for Kittens?

1. Kittens under six weeks old typically don't react to catnip due to their underdeveloped VNO. The VNO is not fully developed in kittens until they are around six weeks old.
2. It's best to wait until kittens are older before introducing them to catnip. Once kittens are older and their VNO is mature, they may start to respond to catnip.

6.6: Can I Use Catnip for My Cat's Behaviour Problems?

1. While catnip can be used to encourage play and reduce stress, it should not be relied upon as a solution for significant behavioural problems. Catnip is a temporary solution and will not address the underlying causes of behavioural issues.
2. If your cat is experiencing persistent behavioural issues, it's crucial to seek advice from a veterinarian or certified animal behaviour specialist. A behaviour specialist can help to identify the underlying causes of your cat's behaviour and develop a comprehensive plan for addressing them.